Pearl Millet Phenology and Growth in Relation to Thermal Time under Arid Environment

Pearl millet ( Pennisetum glaucum L.R.Br.) hybrid MH 179 was grown under two moisture regimes viz., optimal moisture and rainfed conditions. The field experiment was continued for three consecutive rainy seasons to quantify the pearl millet development with thermal time. The possible influence of variation in natural sowing date on the relationships between crop development and thermal time have been described. At cardinal temperatures of 10°C (base temperature below which pearl millet development ceases), 33°C (optimal temperature for development) and 45°C (maximum temperature at and above which no development takes place), the crop required 1490–1794°Cd thermal time to reach physiological maturity. The thermal time requirement for different developmental stages was influenced by the sowing time and moisture availability during the growing season of the crop.
The leaf tip appearance on the main shoot of pearl millet in relation to thermal time was almost linear under both moisture conditions requiring about 44–50°Cd ± 2.6 °Cd leaf⁻¹, till the appearance of the flag (last) leaf. However, leaf tip appearance on primary tillers was slightly slower and required 53-58°Cd ± 4.7°Cd for each new leaf. Appearance of first primary tiller was later (at 320°Cd after emergence) under the rainfed condition as compared to the crop under the optimal moisture (at 250°Cd).Thereafter, the tiller appearance in relation to thermal time under both moisture conditions was at a linear rate of about 53-56°Cd ± 9.5°Cd tiller⁻¹.
Effect of microclimatic variations, canopy temperature, radiation and photoperiod on the phenology-thermal time relationships have been discussed under both the moisture conditions.     

内蒙古阿拉善左旗4年采用机械模拟飞播牧草效益调查

阿拉善左旗４年机械模拟飞播牧草累计面积为２９８０ｈｍ＾２，实播面积为２９８０ｈｍ＾２，１９９７年１０月调查，保存面积为２９７０ｈｍ＾２，保存面积率为９９．７％，４年来播区植被盖度提高８．９６倍，有苗面积率提高３１．５３倍，牧草产量提高３５．９１倍，第一性生产产值和第二性生产产值分别是飞播总投资的０．６７倍和０．９７倍，机械模拟飞播牧草表现出明显的经济效益、生产效益和社会效益。     

Ein allgemeiner Ansatz zur Quantifizierung des Einflusses der Güte der Sätechnik auf den Flächenertrag

A general approach to determine the effect of accuracy of sowing technique on yield per area
Caused by nonperfect seed placement accuracy of sowing machines as well as by many other abiotic and biotic factors the resulting plant stands exhibit nonregular plant distributions. Based on several simplifying assumptions a stochastic approach provides a quantitative determination of the effects of accuracy of sowing technique on yield per area. In this approach, two random variables are assigned to each individual plant: single plant yield E and single plant area A, which is calculated in this paper by the construction and quadrature of the so-called Thiessen-polygons. The yield per area F is calculated as the expectation of the ratio E/A. By assuming a deterministic mathematical relationship between E and A, the calculation of F reduces to the calculation of the expectation of a function of only one random variable A. A simple approximation with sufficient accuracy for many applications only depends on the mean and on the variance of the areas of the individual plants. For demonstration purposes, the theoretical approaches and results have been finally applied to three data sets for drilled seeds of winter oilseed rape (plant density: 60 plants/m² and distance between rows: 10 cm). These data sets exhibit different accuracies of the longitudinal distributions within rows which have been quantitatively measured by the coefficient of variation for the distances between plants within rows: Yield depression increases with an increasing variability of plant distances within rows.     

不同播期对冬小麦粒重形成及产量的影响

以4个冬小麦品种为材料,研究了不同播期条件下籽粒灌浆特征参数、粒重和产量的差异。结果表明:播期对千粒重的影响存在差异,洛旱6号、洛麦21号和豫麦49不同播期之间的籽粒千粒重存在显著差异,但播期对偃展4110的千粒重影响不大。在不同播期下,灌浆过程中平均灌浆速率、快增期灌浆速率对粒重的影响较大。播期对不同品种灌浆高峰出现的日期影响基本一致,早播期>晚播期>中播期.但较早播种时,洛旱6号、洛麦21号和豫麦49灌浆高峰出现较早,灌浆速率大,晚播时偃展4110灌浆高峰出现较早,灌浆速率大。播期对4个品种产量的影响均以中播最高,在河南旱区生态条件下,似偃展4110的春性品种适宜播期为10月中下旬,洛旱6号、洛麦21号等似豫麦49的半冬性品种适宜播期为10月中旬。     

气吸振动式排种器种盘内种群运动的离散元分

根据离散元法的基本思想,采用线性弹簧-阻尼-滑动接触力学模型,编写Matlab模拟程序,分析了气吸振动式精密排种器振动种盘内种群的三维运动规律.为了描述籽粒离散分布程度,给出了体积膨胀系数的计算公式.结果表明,种盘作小幅高频振动,种群可以产生向上抛掷运动而有效分离;膨胀系数随着振动强度的增加而增大,随种层厚度的增加而减小.分析了摩擦因数和碰撞恢复系数对不同层厚种子膨胀系数的影响.在初始层厚参数hs≈3.8、振动强度kv=5.65时,种子具有理想的运动状态,通过性能试验得到排种器的吸种率达98%.     

新疆干旱荒漠区旱生牧草混播研究

对新疆年降水量250mm荒漠草地牧草混播模式进行了探讨，分析了各参试草种的生长发育、植株变化、草群覆盖度、杂草侵入、牧草产量与草群营养状况，提出适合该地区的最佳混播方案。     

青海东部农区小黑麦与豆科牧草的混播组合与混播比例

为筛选适宜青海省东部农区推广的小黑麦( × Triticosecale Wittmack)与豆科牧草的混播组合及比例,采用裂区设计,研究了‘甘农2号’小黑麦与两种豆科牧草[‘青建1号’饲用豌豆(Pisum sativum)和毛苕子(Vicia villosa)]不同混播比例(0?? 100、20?? 80、30?? 70、40?? 60、50?? 50、60?? 40、70?? 30、80?? 20、100?? 0)的混播效应。结果表明：从混播组合看,‘甘农2号’小黑麦与‘青建1号’饲用豌豆混播的平均鲜草产量(41.80 t·hm–2)最高;从混播比例看,‘甘农2号’小黑麦与豆科牧草50?? 50混播时平均鲜草产量(44.45 t·hm–2)最高,比小黑麦和豆科牧草单播平均分别提高了17.94%和17.53%;混播组合和混播比例间的交互作用表明,‘甘农2号’小黑麦和‘青建1号’饲用豌豆以40?? 60的比例混播时总鲜草产量(45.55 t·hm–2)最高,比小黑麦和饲用豌豆单播分别提高了20.09%和17.00%。相关分析表明,混播群体的鲜草产量与小黑麦株高呈显著正相关关系(P < 0.05),与豆科牧草株高呈极显著正相关关系(P < 0.01)。因此,在青海省东部农区推荐‘甘农2号’小黑麦与‘青建1号’饲用豌豆以40?? 60的比例进行混播。     

播期对半干旱区7个燕麦品种产量和品质的影响

为筛选出适宜甘肃陇西半干旱山区种植的优良燕麦(Avena sativa)品种及最佳播期,本文研究了7个燕麦品种在4个播期(5月6日、5月16日、5月26日、6月5日)的生产性能和营养品质,并运用灰色关联度和聚类分析进行了综合评价。结果表明：播期和品种互作对燕麦的干草产量、种子产量和饲草品质具有极显著影响(P < 0.01)。28个处理相比较,5月26日种植的‘梦龙’干草产量最高,为13 550.80 kg·hm?2;6月5日种植的‘莫妮卡’种子产量最高,为2 147.31 kg·hm?2;5月26日种植的‘青燕1号’粗蛋白含量最高,为6.94%。利用干草产量、粗蛋白含量、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维和可溶性糖含量的相对值进行灰色关联度综合评价得出,5月6日种植的‘陇燕3号’综合表现最好,其次是5月26日种植的‘梦龙’。通过系统聚类将28个处理根据干草产量、种子产量、饲草粗蛋白含量聚为四大类。综上,在陇西半干旱山区选择适宜的播期种植可提高燕麦产量和营养品质,是适宜该地区燕麦草地的管理措施。     

接种菌根真菌与施磷对豆禾混播体系生物量及竞争力的影响

丛枝菌根真菌（Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF）是陆地生态系统中一类重要的土壤微生物,能与约80%的陆地植物形成互利共生关系。本研究通过构建紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa）单播、无芒雀麦（Bromus inermis）单播、紫花苜蓿与无芒雀麦（1：1）混播组合,设置接种AMF和磷添加处理,探讨土壤有效磷水平与AMF互作对紫花苜蓿和无芒雀麦混播体系地上生物量及竞争力的影响。结果表明：与不接种AMF处理相比,接种AMF处理下紫花苜蓿单播体系地上生物量提高17.59%,无芒雀麦单播和混播地上生物量分别降低10.23%和10.26%。施磷处理下,接种AMF对单播和混播地上生物量无显著影响。混播体系中无芒雀麦的地上竞争率大于紫花苜蓿,接种AMF对紫花苜蓿地上竞争率无显著影响,使无芒雀麦地上竞争率降低56.41%。接种AMF使混播体系中紫花苜蓿地上磷吸收量提高66.12%,对无芒雀麦地上磷吸收量无显著影响,缓解了无芒雀麦对紫花苜蓿的竞争排除作用。综上所述,紫花苜蓿与无芒雀麦构建的（1：1）混播体系中AMF能有效抑制禾草无芒雀麦的地上竞争力,利于豆禾混播体系的维持。     

紫花苜蓿与不同生活型多年生禾本科牧草混播生长生理特征

本研究通过测定紫花苜蓿分别与3种生活型禾草混播草地牧草生产力和生理指标对混播成分和比例的响应,为建植可持续高产的混播草地提供理论依据。结果显示：混播紫花苜蓿和苇状羊茅MDA含量减小,抗逆能力和光合能力增强;建植初期混播草地早熟禾MDA含量大于单播,抗逆生理和光合生理指标在豆禾比为7∶3时小于单播,5∶5和3∶7时大于单播;混播无芒雀麦MDA含量大于单播,抗氧化指标在豆禾比为7∶3时小于单播,5∶5和3∶7时大于单播,渗透调节物质含量和光合生理指标大于单播,说明紫花苜蓿与苇状羊茅混播时二者生理协同效应较好,建植初期豆禾比为7∶3时紫花苜蓿对草地早熟禾和无芒雀麦有种间竞争胁迫,适当下调紫花苜蓿比例有利于草地早熟禾和无芒雀麦生长。隶属函数评价结果显示紫花苜蓿与丛生型苇状羊茅3∶7混播时两种牧草生理表现最好,增产率和产量最高。